Early twentieth-century fiction where automation becomes social infrastructure: rooms, factories, robot workers, cities, and the first rules of robot behavior.
E. M. Forster · 1947
A prescient story of mediated life, machine dependency, and social isolation through technological infrastructure.
Karel Čapek · 1920
The play that gave the world the word robot and framed artificial workers as a labor and humanity crisis.
Thea von Harbou · 1925
A machine-age android and city-as-system story about class, spectacle, and technological mediation.
Isaac Asimov · 1940
The canonical robot-ethics collection, organizing AI around rules, interpretation, and failure modes.